May 17, 2024  
2020-2021 Catalog 
    
2020-2021 Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Courses


As a reminder, all courses have been renumbered beginning with the Fall 2018 semester. Click on Course Number Look-up Tool.

 
  
  • ARTS 240 Sculpture I


    This studio course introduces students to the tools, materials, and processes used in the creation of sculptural objects. With particular focus on learning by doing, projects will revolve around a variety of additive, subtractive, mold and computer methods. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate sculpture as a fine arts and design practice.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-2251
    Requirements Sophomore Standing or Above (SO)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 250 New Genres I


    This course provides students with opportunities to explore inter- and multi-disciplinary art forms in both a studio and discussion context. Students create performance, installation, and site-specific works dealing with issues of time and space in non-traditional ways. Video, sound, performance, site-specific installation, photography, non-material approaches, and other contemporary means of communication are possible media. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate new genre work as fine art practices.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-2258
    Requirements Sophomore Standing or Above (SO)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 251 Digital Media


    This course investigates issues of art and technology and introduces digital devices and software, and the processes possible in art practice using these as creative tools. The course will introduce history and current theory related to digital art making, and students will become familiar with various digital tools and approaches.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-2219
    Prerequisites ARTS 105 Foundation Studio  or 22 1920 Making 2  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 299A Topics in Studio Art I:


    This is a vital, open space for experimentation and for representing a diversity of art media, practices, themes. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate the course topic. Topics include: Papermaking; Artists’ Books; Color Strategies.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly ARTS 299
    Requirements Sophomore Standing or Above (SO)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 299B Topics in Studio Art I:


    This is a vital, open space for experimentation and for representing a diversity of art media, practices, themes. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate the course topic. Topics include: Papermaking; Artists’ Books; Color Strategies.

    Repeatable: Y
    Requirements Sophomore Standing or Above (SO)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 303 Art Now! Art and Art History Speaker Series


    ART NOW! is the Art and Art History Department’s curricularized one-credit Speaker Series. Over the course of a semester, students attend no fewer than six sessions sponsored by the department, where they learn about and engage with a diverse mix of art makers, curators, critics, historians, and entrepreneurs. Students hear directly from the unique individuals–international, national, and Chicago-based-who are actively authoring the culture of our times and gain exposure to the rich range of perspectives, practices, and professional pathways possible for the contemporary creative. In addition to attending the lectures, students prepare by reviewing materials that provide background and context for each speaker and students participate in a digital discussion forum, where they critically engage current issues facing contemporary art and culture and present informed positions and assessments of contemporary art practice. Students enrolled in the upper-division section of Art Now! will take into special consideration career and professional implications and opportunities by productively relating aspects of current art production and discourse to the development of their own work. This course provides an accessible, timely, and lively introduction to the multiple worlds of contemporary art and current art discourse, as well as being an excellent way to stay current with the latest developments.

    Repeatable: Y
    DEI
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 1



  
  • ARTS 320A Painting and Drawing II:


    In this intermediate/advanced studio course students have the opportunity for a focused, in-depth engagement with painting and drawing. Students will receive advanced instruction in a more specialized area of or approach to painting and drawing practice. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate painting and drawing as fine arts practices. Topics include: Painting at Mural Scale; Painting and Projection; Painting the Figure; Storytelling; Abstraction.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly ARTS 320
    Prerequisites ARTS 220 Painting I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 320B Painting and Drawing II:


    In this intermediate/advanced studio course students have the opportunity for a focused, in-depth engagement with painting and drawing. Students will receive advanced instruction in a more specialized area of or approach to painting and drawing practice. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate painting and drawing as fine arts practices. Topics include: Painting at Mural Scale; Painting and Projection; Painting the Figure; Storytelling; Abstraction.

    Repeatable: Y
    Prerequisites ARTS 220 Painting I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 330A Printmaking II:


    This intermediate/advanced studio course offers students the opportunity to further explore techniques and concepts studied in Printmaking I, and to apply these to their own creative projects. Course gives more advanced instruction in a specific printmaking process. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate printmaking as a fine arts and design practice. Topics include: Lithography; Silkscreen; Etching; Letterpress and Relief; Digital Matrix. For upcoming scheduled topics and more detailed course information please watch for announcements or contact the Art and Art History Department at art@colum.edu.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly ARTS 330
    Prerequisites ARTS 230 Printmaking I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 330B Printmaking II:


    This intermediate/advanced studio course offers students the opportunity to further explore techniques and concepts studied in Printmaking I, and to apply these to their own creative projects. Course gives more advanced instruction in a specific printmaking process. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate printmaking as a fine arts and design practice. Topics include: Lithography; Silkscreen; Etching; Letterpress and Relief; Digital Matrix. For upcoming scheduled topics and more detailed course information please watch for announcements or contact the Art and Art History Department at art@colum.edu.

    Repeatable: Y
    Prerequisites ARTS 230 Printmaking I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 331 Silkscreen


    This course will explore more intermediate and advanced level silkscreen printing techniques including cut, hand drawn and photographic stencils and printing on a variety of surfaces. Students will explore innovative and experimental fine art editioning practices in silkscreen and build a body of work that is conceptually, as well as technically, proficient.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 22-3226
    Prerequisites ARTS 230 Printmaking I 
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 333 Letterpress Studio


    Letterpress is the original broadcast medium: printing from movable type is a technological innovation that has had huge, far-reaching effects. Only a tiny percent of commercial printing is done using hand-set metal type anymore, but the entire discipline of typography was invented by the technological innovation of letterpress printing, and all the terms of typography have their genesis in metal, movable type. This class focuses on learning the printing techniques used in letterpress, understanding how the fundamental concepts in typography have their origins in metal type, and as opportunity to create a series of projects informed by these ideas and techniques. Students will learn letterpress printing through a series of demonstrations and studio projects.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-3426
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 340A Sculpture II:


    This intermediate/advanced studio course builds on the essential knowledge and skills gained in Sculpture I and provides students the opportunity for deeper creative exploration and artistic engagement in a specific area of sculptural object making. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate sculpture as a fine arts and design practice. Topics include: Digital Fabrication; Responsive Objects; Figurative Sculpture; Woodworking.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly ARTS 340
    Prerequisites ARTS 240 Sculpture I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 340B Sculpture II:


    This intermediate/advanced studio course builds on the essential knowledge and skills gained in Sculpture I and provides students the opportunity for deeper creative exploration and artistic engagement in a specific area of sculptural object making. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate sculpture as a fine arts and design practice. Topics include: Digital Fabrication; Responsive Objects; Figurative Sculpture; Woodworking.

    Repeatable: Y
    Prerequisites ARTS 240 Sculpture I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 350A New Genres II: 


    This intermediate/advanced studio course will focus on specific topics, themes, and ideas in studio and post-studio art. The course will cover advanced material or will concentrate on new and experimental approaches to issues in art practice. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate new genre work as fine art practices. Topics include: Performance Art; Body, Space, Image; Installation/Site-specific Art; Experimental Imaging; Time-based Composing.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly ARTS 350
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 350B New Genres II:


    This intermediate/advanced studio course will focus on specific topics, themes, and ideas in studio and post-studio art. The course will cover advanced material or will concentrate on new and experimental approaches to issues in art practice. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate new genre work as fine art practices. Topics include: Performance Art; Body, Space, Image; Installation/Site-specific Art; Experimental Imaging; Time-based Composing.

    Repeatable: Y
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 360 Junior Fine Arts BFA Studio


    This course engages Fine Arts BFA students in activities conducive to the recognition of their individual voices and concerns as they begin to develop strategies for independent studio practice. Centered around the critique, the course emphasizes critical and constructive analysis of one’s own work, as well as the work of one’s peers. Students are challenged to identify, represent, and defend their own values, to recognize the perspectives of others, and to develop critical skills for engaging in intellectual discourse around a range of work in various media and genres through presentation, discussion, critique, and reflective writing. All Fine Arts BFA majors take this course in the spring semester of the junior year.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-3264
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR) Fine Arts Majors Only (M222)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 399A Studies in Art:


    This is a rotating topics course that features innovative ideas and formats emerging in the field of Art.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly ARTS 399
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 399B Studies in Art:


    This is a rotating topics course that features innovative ideas and formats emerging in the field of Art.

    Repeatable: Y
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 450 Senior Fine Arts Studio


    The Senior Fine Arts Studio provides intensive studio-centered work on a one-to-one basis with the instructor. The tutorial relationship is specifically designed for individual guidance on self-directed projects in order to help students achieve clarity of expression and further their conceptual, material, and process development. The development of sustained, self-directed studio practice is a central aspect of a professional practice. Students will meet both as a group to share goals and progress and individually with the instructor throughout the semester for intensive critique sessions. All Fine Arts BA and BFA majors are required to take this course. 

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-4220
    Requirements Senior Standing (SR) Fine Arts Majors Only (M222)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 463 Professional Practices in Fine Arts


    This course addresses professional issues such as portfolio preparation, proposal writing, budget preparation, approaching galleries, establishing alternative spaces, internships, residencies, and grant opportunities. Preparation for graduate school application and exhibition opportunities are central to the class.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-4200
    Requirements Senior Standing (SR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 464 Public Art


    Project-based course in which students use research, readings, and project creation to explore the meaning and varieties of art created in and for public places, especially concentrating on work that uses technology and/or interactivity. Student artists will work with both physical and virtual environments and will create a work of public art as the primary goal.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-4800
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 465 Senior Fine Arts BFA Exhibition


    In this course, BFA in Fine Arts majors prepare for participation in their capstone BFA Fine Art exhibition at Manifest, the College’s annual urban arts festival. The focus is on the specifics of selecting, preparing, and installing work for professional exhibition. Students also prepare professional promotional materials. This course culminates in the installation of work in exhibition spaces and the development of the BFA catalogue. All Fine Arts BFA majors are required to take this course in the spring semester of their senior year.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-4230
    Prerequisites ARTS 450 Senior Fine Arts Studio  
    Fine Arts Majors Only (M222)
    Minimum Credits 6 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • ARTS 495 Directed Study: Fine Arts


    Course consists of learning activities involving student independence within the context of regular guidance and direction from a faculty advisor. Directed Studies are appropriate for students who wish to explore a subject beyond what is possible in regular courses or for students who wish to engage in a subject or activity not otherwise offered that semester by the College. They involve close collaboration with a faculty advisor who will assist in development and design of the project, oversee its progress, evaluate the final results, and submit a grade.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 22-3990
    Requirements Permission Required (DP)
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • ARTS 496 Independent Project: Fine Arts


    Course is an independent project designed by the student, with the approval of a supervising faculty member, to study an area that is not presently available in the curriculum. Prior to registration, student must submit a written proposal that outlines the project.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 22-3998
    Requirements Permission Required (DP)
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • ARTS 499A Topics in Studio Art II:


    This is an advanced and open space for specific instruction in emergent contemporary art forms and specific critical practices. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate the course topic. Rotating topics may include: Multiples and Democratized Experience; Shaping Solid Light; Art Activism Studio; Art and Archives.

    Repeatable: Y
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 499B Topics in Studio Art II:


    This is an advanced and open space for specific instruction in emergent contemporary art forms and specific critical practices. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate the course topic. Rotating topics may include: Multiples and Democratized Experience; Shaping Solid Light; Art Activism Studio; Art and Archives.

    Repeatable: Y
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 560 The Art of Collaboration


    In this course, students will work with visiting mid-career and established artists in developing, making, and promoting editioned works of art. The course examines the function of artists as producers and collaborators in the artistic process. Students will be introduced to a survey of historic and contemporary references from leading collaborative studios nationally and internationally. The course will focus on interdisciplinary collaborative practices and processes.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-5716
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 1



  
  • ARTS 564 Public Art


    Project-based course in which students use research, readings, and project creation to explore the meaning and varieties of art created in and for public places, especially concentrating on work that uses technology and/or interactivity. Student artists will work with both physical and virtual environments and will create a work of public art as the primary goal.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-5800
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 599A Topics in Studio Art II:


    This is an advanced and open space for specific instruction in emergent contemporary art forms and specific critical practices. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate the course topic. Rotating topics may include: Multiples and Democratized Experience; Shaping Solid Light; Art Activism Studio; Art and Archives. 

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 599B Topics in Studio Art II:


    This is an advanced and open space for specific instruction in emergent contemporary art forms and specific critical practices. Studio instruction may be augmented with field trips, slide lectures, readings, critiques, and discussion that help critically, currently, and historically situate the course topic. Rotating topics may include: Multiples and Democratized Experience; Shaping Solid Light; Art Activism Studio; Art and Archives. 

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 603 Art Practice Now!


    In this course students will attend lectures by visiting contemporary artists, curators, critics, and historians every other week throughout the semester. Students will write reflective essays/ critical response papers on each lecture and will meet on alternate weeks to discuss the lectures.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 615 Graduate Studio


    This intensive hybrid seminar/studio course is required for all Art and Art History graduate students. Each semester engages students in disciplined and consistent making, reading and writing training. Students progressively investigate and focus on four areas of practice: methodologies that address individual creative processes; research areas meant to inform their interests and work; how they identify their work and in which creative communities-at-large; and strategies for identifying appropriate audiences and successful engagement for their work. This course drives the development of a coherent body of work that demonstrates the student’s integration and clarity around the above concerns in the context of contemporary 21st-century practices.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 620 Graduate Critique


    This course focuses on group discussion and critical assessment of graduate students’ work-in-progress. The course positions the student’s work within diverse discourses around contemporary and historical practices, social and cultural issues, technical and formal considerations and related interdisciplinary collaborations and issues. Students present work numerous times throughout the semester and participate actively in feedback on the work of peers. Sessions will feature the participation of department faculty, local and national visiting artists and/or arts professionals who will engage students in rigorous critique.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 621 Visual Art Workshop


    This studio course focuses on offering instruction in specific visual art techniques. Students will develop more advanced skills for making substantial improvements for their projects. This course may be taught by visiting artists.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-6714
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • ARTS 630 Professional Practices for Artists


    In this course, students learn the skills needed to function as a practicing artist in the contemporary art world. Students will integrate the necessary tools allowing them to sustain a lifelong practice in art, from sound research practices, to honed writing skills and presentation methodologies. The class emphasizes the planning process and working in collaboration with peers to enhance career success.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6702
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 631 Graduate Teaching Seminar


    This course will introduce the fundamentals for artists interested in teaching, in higher education and other venues. Students will have the opportunity work with a faculty member in an undergraduate classroom environment. Syllabus-writing, time management, and important theoretical and practical aspects of learning and teaching will be covered. Seminars will range from the practical concerns of constructing and conducting a class, to theoretical, thought-provoking issues centered on both teaching and learning.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6455
    Requirements Permission Required (DP)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 652 Sound As Art Material


    This course introduces sound as a vital material for producing art in physical & virtual space, and as an element in many forms of digital media productions. Students investigate the changing roles of author & audience in producing & participating in works of experimental sound art. The course explores new genres such as networked performance, locative media, interactive music systems, sound sculpture, audio hyperscapes & audio webcasting. Technical workshops provide all the skills necessary to produce individual sound artworks.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-6511
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 663 Space & Place


    This course investigates the integration of media elements into physical, sculptural, and environmental artworks. Audience issues in gallery venues as well as site specific installation and public media artworks are explored. Topics include special planning processes, prototype and model development, negotiating skills, and legal issues specific to installation.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6504
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 666 Art and Science Collaboration


    Collaborations between artists and scientists can generate new forms of inquiry and produce results that benefit multiple fields. This course will examine the rich history of art/science relationships and new art forms emerging from partnerships with scientific disciplines including ecology, biology, sociology, economics, and engineering. Students will investigate challenges related to how modern institutions distance the humanities and sciences and strategize how to meaningfully engage with scientists in this context.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6709
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 670 Print


    This class will qualify graduate students in the basic techniques, materials, processes and concept used in the Print Studio. Technique will be taught as a method of investigation, a material exploration of ideas. Projects will focus on using letterpress printing to create visual expressions of language as well as investigating various technical and conceptual aspects of printing pictures.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6460
    Minimum Credits 2 Maximum Credits 2



  
  • ARTS 671 Paper


    This course will qualify graduate students in the basic techniques, materials, processes, and concepts used in the Papermaking Studio. Techniques will be taught as a method of investigation, a material exploration of ideas. Projects will focus on papermaking as a skill for carrying other information (such as printmaking) as well as a self-contained form of expression, through color, texture, images, etc.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6462
    Minimum Credits 2 Maximum Credits 2



  
  • ARTS 672 Bookbinding


    This course will qualify graduate students in the basic techniques, materials, processes, and concepts used in the Bookbinding. Techniques will be taught as a method of investigation, a material exploration of ideas. Projects will focus on acquiring basic skills, a competency on bindery equipment, knowledge of both archival concerns and experimental forms, while stressing the adaptation of structure to content.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6464
    Minimum Credits 2 Maximum Credits 2



  
  • ARTS 675 Artists Books / Book Arts


    Daring to go where few books have gone before, this class we will explore the creative application of traditional and non-traditional materials to the book format, as well as sculptural aspects of artist books. Also covered: Altered books and wearable books.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-6403
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 676 Multiples


    Multiples are art objects produced in identical multiple copies. This class will encourage students to make a series of multiples collaboratively or individually as a way of investigating modern industrial production, global marketing and mass consumption.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6118
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 681 Thesis I


    This course provides a structured, disciplined workshop situation in which students may begin the development of their final thesis projects as well as to expose students to contemporary artists and art making practices thereby providing a context and historical perspective in which the student may place themselves and their personal issues. This is meant to further understand the larger picture necessary for an ongoing commitment to art making practice after graduate school.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 66-6108
    TH
    Requirements Permission Required (DP)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 690 Graduate Internship: Fine Art


    This course provides graduate level students with an internship opportunity to pursue meaningful career-related experiences while receiving credit towards their degree. Permission of the Art and Art History Graduate Program Director and Internship Coordinator are required before a student can apply for an internship. Students are responsible to coordinate with the Graduate Program Director, Faculty Advisor, Sponsoring Organization, and Internship Coordinator to design and implement their internship.

    Repeatable: Y
    Requirements Permission Required (DP)
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 691 Thesis II


    The course focuses on the completion of the Thesis Project and the Thesis Book required of graduating MFA students. In this course, students develop and demonstrate knowledge, skills, and competencies in the following areas: exhibition of their work, organizing, researching, writing, documenting and assembling material in order to fulfill requirements for their thesis candidacy.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-6298
    TH
    Prerequisites ARTS 681 Thesis I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 695 Directed Graduate Projects


    The course provides students the opportunity to participate in individual discussions and critique with full-time MFA faculty. Particular emphasis will be on individualized production. Students will either refine a particular project or their ongoing body of work. Independent work by students, and individual meetings with instructors, form the essence of the class.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-6707
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • ARTS 696 Independent Project


    Independent Project

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly 66-6199
    Requirements Permission Required (DP)
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 102 Introduction to Audio


    This course provides an overview of the world of sound and audio in its various manifestations, including music, communications, sound in linear and non-linear media, sound art, and sonification. It introduces students to basic concepts and terminology related to sound, audio, and audio equipment and systems, but it is not a theory course. Rather, the course examines aspects of our sonic world through the lenses of audio production, live sound reinforcement, and acoustics, constructing a survey of practices and trends, practitioners, and examples; of history, context, and politics; and of art and aesthetics. Along the way it challenges students to examine and open themselves to difference ways of listening. This course is open to all majors.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-1111
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems


    This course immerses students in the language, theories, and technical knowledge common to all fields in which audio is used. Topics include sound waves and propagation, the analog and digital audio signal, signal analysis and processing (frequency, amplitude and time-based), and basic audio systems (transducers, amplifiers, mixers). To contextualize these theoretical aspects, students are introduced to equipment used in professional audio systems from a technical and functional point of view.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-1112
    Prerequisites AUDI 102 Introduction to Audio  
    Concurrent Requisite PHYS 215 The Science of Acoustics I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 104 Audio Electronics


    In this course, students build simple audio components to understand the electronics fundamentals that drive complex audio systems. Students also gain proficiency with an understanding of the quantitative relationship between the basic elements of electricity (voltage, resistance, current, and power) as they pertain to the projects they are building.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-1182
    Prerequisites MATH 110 College Mathematics  or MATH 115 Liberal Arts Mathematics  or MATH 120 Quantitative Reasoning  or ACCU-T-67 EXAM-ACCUPLACER MATH MINIMUM SCORE = 67  or ACT-M-23 EXAM-ACT MATH MINIMUM SCORE = 23  or SAT-M-550 EXAM-SAT MATH MINIMUM SCORE = 550  
    Minimum Credits 2 Maximum Credits 2



  
  • AUDI 105 Signal Flow and Gain Structure


    This 1 credit course will introduce students to signal flow and gain structure in small (2-4 channel) to large (16 channel) mixing consoles with playback on shared speakers/headphones and patching to and from select outboard equipment (reverb unit, cue/monitor, etc.). Projects and assignments will be done during class. Homework will include readings. Tests will be practical as well as written (vocabulary, application concepts).

    Repeatable: N
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 1



  
  • AUDI 121 Fundamentals of Audio Production


    Course introduces students to basic theories and techniques of recording, editing, and mixing. Instruction covers fundamentals of microphone usage, signal flow, and non-linear digital recording and editing. Course is taught in a classroom laboratory where lectures and labs focus on the production of short-form audio works of voice, music, and sound effects to develop and improve engineering and production skills.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-1115
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 122 DAW Production Techniques and Applications


    Course provides students with a solid foundation in working with digital audio workstations. Through lecture/demonstration/discussions, in-class and homework assignments, and a series of creative projects, students gain experience with fundamental practices in digital audio production, including editing, signal processing, automation, mixing, and preparing audio deliverables. Students participate in a series of exercises to develop and refine critical listening, evaluation, and judgment abilities. In the process, students adopt techniques and strategies for organizing and managing sessions, developing effective communication and presentation skills, and acquiring a sense of professionalism in the field.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2215
    Prerequisites AUDI 121 Fundamentals of Audio Production  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 151 Aesthetics of Live Sound I


    Course defines in a structured fashion the psychology of the musician and physics of the instrument within the framework of sound reinforcement and analysis. The goal is to familiarize students with one instrument-musician-sound reinforcement approach per week.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2510
    Prerequisites   AUDI 102 Introduction to Audio  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 202 Studies in Hearing


    This course introduces students to the fundamentals of human hearing physiology as well as issues relating to hearing loss and conservation. It is important for any audio professional to understand how complex and delicate the human hearing system is. We must also realize the significance of the fact that society is, only now, beginning to address the problem of environmentally induced hearing loss. The first part of the course will address hearing physiology. Course will focus on the mechanical systems of hearing, starting with the reception of acoustic energy and ending with the delivery of neural signals to the brain. This will give students the necessary foundation knowledge to engage in presentations and discussions covering the topics of hearing loss and conservation.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2725
    Prerequisites   AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems   
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 211 Audio Programming and Performance


    This course introduces principles of sound synthesis and audio programming applied to live performance. The students learn to design their own mini instruments as they explore real-time audio programming topics, including fundamentals of sound synthesis and signal processing (e.g. Additive, Subtractive, Granular, AM, FM), control protocols (e.g. OSC), patterns and event structures, live coding and performance. The semester culminates in a live public performance of original compositions for a laptop ensemble. 

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2241
    Prerequisites PROG 101 Introduction to Programming  or PROG 110 Art of Code  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 221 Multitrack Music Recording I


    Students are introduced to the theories, technologies, and practice of multi-track recording sessions. This is the first studio techniques class to be taken by students who select the Audio Design & Production major. Classes focus on the fundamentals of multi-track recording, building upon the fundamentals of console design and signal processing systems as presented in Fundamentals of Audio Production, Audio Theory and Systems, and DAW Production Techniques and Applications. The class includes lecture-demonstrations, in-class group tracking sessions, and additional lab assignments, which are completed in the studios and labs of the Audio Arts & Acoustics Department.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2210
    Prerequisites AUDI 122 DAW Production Techniques and Applications   and AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  and AUDI 105 Signal Flow and Gain Structure  
    Minimum Credits 4 Maximum Credits 4



  
  • AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics


    Class provides the necessary basis for understanding how we hear the world around us. The course is multidisciplinary, with contributions from the academic disciplines of auditory physiology, physics, and psychology. It examines how the human auditory system processes the information it receives, that is, how physical attributes of sound translate into perceptual attributes such as loudness, pitch, and timbre. Topics extend to the perception of music, sound localization, speech, and beyond. Numerous audio-visual demonstrations are used to reinforce the theoretical material presented.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2310
    Prerequisites PHYS 215 The Science of Acoustics I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 232 Architectural Acoustics


    Course reviews the fundamentals of acoustics covered in previous classes and presents all of the materials within the context of the behavior of sound in a bounded space. Practical aspects of the class are emphasized by dedicating a large portion of the semester to case studies. Demonstrations are provided throughout the semester to emphasize both theoretical and practical concepts.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2315
    Prerequisites MATH 220 Calculus I  and AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics     or MATH 220H Calculus I: Honors  and AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics   
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 241 The Art of Troubleshooting


    Because complex, interactive systems fail in complex, interactive ways, this course builds six essential competencies to assist system designers and system operators to cope with failure and limit immediate damage; to collect symptoms and understand systems rapidly; to apply inferential logic and avoid logical fallacies; to identify, trap, and limit failures; and to patch around them. This is not a course in equipment repair.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3621
    Prerequisites AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems   
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 242 Sound System Design


    Course offers an in-depth look at what goes into designing and installing permanent sound systems. Students learn to design systems for coverage, intelligibility, and cost effectiveness. Emphasis is placed on understanding specifications of system component and predicting system performance.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3610
    Prerequisites AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  and AUDI 105 Signal Flow and Gain Structure 
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 252 Live Sound Reinforcement


    This course is designed to teach techniques and tools of sound reinforcement. Content combines product awareness with ear training and hands-on practice. Students complete lab assignments in the Audio Technology Center Live Sound Lab and spend two lab sessions at local music clubs.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2515
    Prerequisites AUDI 102 Introduction to Audio  and AUDI 105 Signal Flow and Gain Structure  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 299A Topics in Audio Arts and Acoustics:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly AUDI 299
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 299B Topics in Audio Arts and Acoustics:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 299C Topics in Audio Arts and Acoustics:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 301 History of Audio


    This course offers students an exposition of the history and evolution of audio technologies and practices, while also engaging students in an active process of analysis and critique through different lenses (such as aesthetic, technological, sociocultural, political, and economic). The course enables students to deepen their awareness and appreciation of the historical dimensions and trajectories of audio theory, technology, practice, and aesthetics, while also revealing and drawing attention to deeper and more critical themes and issues, that might range from technological debates (e.g. acoustical vs. electrical recording, fidelity vs. convenience, different values and approaches toward production) to sociocultural, political (e.g. issues of access and affordance, diversity, intellectual property). 

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2720
    Prerequisites AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 311 Digital Audio Effects Programming


    This course provides an in-depth exploration of the real-time digital audio processes behind the most common types of audio effects. These processes include basic signal modification (e.g. gain, pan, combining signals), filtering and equalization, delay-based effects and modulators, dynamic range processors, distortion effects, and analysis/ resynthesis. Students will design and program working examples of these processes in a high-level audio programming language, preparing the ground for designing, programming, and implementing audio plug-ins.

    Repeatable: N
    Prerequisites AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  and PROG 101 Introduction to Programming  or  AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  and PROG 110 Art of Code  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 312 Principles of Audio Deliverables Mastering and Preservation


    Audio design and production does not end with the final mix but rather leads to a series of critical considerations: how to prepare (master/ re-master) the recording for the intended audience; in what format(s) to best deliver the recording; how to ensure the fidelity and integrity of the recorded signal along the way; what of the production process to save for future use; and how to archive and preserve that material. In addition to original production work, many of these considerations apply to the entire legacy of recorded audio, as evidenced by a proliferation of commercial and nonprofit initiatives in audio archiving, preservation, and restoration. This course addresses the essential aspects of audio design and production related to the dissemination and preservation of audio recordings, from delivery (mastering and deliverables) to preservation (archiving, preservation, and restoration). Through readings, investigation and analysis assignments, and in-class lectures, discussions, and demonstrations, students will encounter critical questions, theories, processes, and practices which are necessary and useful in a range of professional applications.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3243
    Prerequisites AUDI 221 Multitrack Music Recording I  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 313 Building Circuits for Sound Art I


    This course introduces students to the skills necessary to build their own hardware for analog synthesis, electro-acoustic music, and sound art. Students will learn to read circuit diagrams, breadboard prototypes and solder finished circuit boards. Students will also explore fabrication techniques to build custom enclosures and interfaces. Students will demonstrate and share their creations through performance and critiques. 

     

    Readings and assessments focus on necessary practical knowledge. Projects are assessed for both craftsmanship and creative results. Students should expect to spend 3-6+ hours per week completing projects outside of class, and are responsible for the purchase of their own materials. Students can access class tools and facilities outside of class time. 

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2261
    Prerequisites AUDI 104 Audio Electronics  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 314 New Musical Interface Design


    This course lies at the intersection of “interaction design” and “sound and music computing,” covering the study and use of sound as one of the principal channels conveying information, meaning, and aesthetic/emotional qualities in interactive contexts. It focuses on technology-mediated, aesthetically-grounded design of new interfaces for musical expression, and the questions that arise from them. It also introduces design methods such as Bootlegging, Auditory Storyboarding, Paper and Sonic Prototyping, Participatory Design, Inclusive Design, Product Sound Design, Interactive Sonification, Tangible and Embodied Interaction, and Audio APIs (e.g. Designing sound in the cloud).

    Repeatable: N
    Requirements JR Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 321 Multitrack Music Recording II


    Students become proficient in the theories, technologies, and practice of multi-track recording and mixing. Building upon the concepts introduced in Multitrack Music Recording I, students continue to study and practice studio recording with an increased focus on digital audio workstation signal flow, signal processing and mixing techniques. Students will conduct in-class as well as independent team recording projects. Class lectures and demonstrations focus on the team projects, including ongoing critiques of both recordings and mixes.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3210
    Prerequisites AUDI 221 Multitrack Music Recording I  
    Minimum Credits 4 Maximum Credits 4



  
  • AUDI 322 Applied Audio and Music Production for Media


    Students gain experience with current practices and techniques in audio and music production for media and industry, which often require the audio professional to serve in multiple roles in the production process, including audio engineer, producer, sound designer, composer, software programmer, and more. Students will complete individual and group projects that include adaptive ambient loop creation, sound design, MIDI composition for interactive and non-linear applications, post-production for picture, and audio book and documentary production.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3115
    Prerequisites AUDI 324 Audio for Visual Media I   or AUDI 221 Multitrack Music Recording I  or GAME 235 Sound and Music for Interactive Visual Media  or MUSC 251 Digital Music Production II  
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 323 Live Sound Recording


    This hands-on course explores minimal microphone location recording. These techniques are fundamental to those employed in multi-track studio recording. Course highlights understanding, selection, and placement of microphones through a wide variety of acoustical environments and instruments. Emphasis is placed on classical and acoustic music, ambient sound recording, and sound effects recording. Students check out location recording equipment and record a number of events during the semester.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2220
    Prerequisites AUDI 122 DAW Production Techniques and Applications  and AUDI 105 Signal Flow and Gain Structure  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 324 Audio for Visual Media I


    Studio course presents the technology and techniques used in creating sound tracks for TV, film, and multi-media. Students learn the technology and techniques of synchronizing video with all audio platforms, including analog and both linear and non-linear digital recording and editing systems.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2420
    Prerequisites AUDI 122 DAW Production Techniques and Applications  and AUDI 105 Signal Flow and Gain Structure  
    Minimum Credits 4 Maximum Credits 4



  
  • AUDI 331 Environmental Acoustics


    Course aims at providing a comprehensive understanding of issues pertaining to noise pollution and noise control in a wide range of environments such as urban, industrial, airport, entertainment venues, and so forth. Comprehensive course equally covers both theory and practice with field measurements performed by students and teacher. Data are used to reinforce theoretical models. Course emphasizes noise studies in the workplace and reviews current regulatory issues pertaining to noise pollution.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3315
    Prerequisites AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 332 Acoustics of Performance Spaces


    A continuation of Architectural Acoustics, course is dedicated to the design of performance spaces and recording aural environments. Course covers issues pertaining to architectural design and to sound reinforcement in various indoor contexts such as movie theaters, performance halls, control rooms, recording studios, and Houses of Worship. Course combines case studies spanning many centuries with current foundation material to provide students with a critical understanding of acoustical design issues and a reinforcement of their aesthetic sense for music and voice performances.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3310
    Prerequisites AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics  and AUDI 232 Architectural Acoustics  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 333 Perception and Cognition of Sound


    Course provides the necessary basis for understanding the cognitive processes involved in our auditory perception of complex signals such as environmental sounds, speech and music. It will examine the basic cognitive theories of memory and attention, as well as the underlying concepts of information processing and perceptual grouping. The course will systematically explore how humans respond intellectually and emotionally to complex auditory stimuli. Course is multidisciplinary, with contributions from music, biology, physics, psychology, philosophy, and computer science. Numerous demonstrations are used to reinforce the theoretical material presented in the lectures.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3120
    Prerequisites AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics 
    Requirements Junior Standing or Above (JR)
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 334 Fundamentals of Vibration Analysis


    Course provides students with an understanding of vibration theory, experimental analysis and vibration control. The class focuses on free and forced vibration of mechanical systems with an emphasis on practical applications in the areas of rotating machinery, isolation, and noise reduction. Excessive vibration is often the cause of unwanted sound or noise. Understanding the effects of vibration enhances the understanding of noise related issues in buildings and the environment, addressed in Engineered Acoustics and Environmental Acoustics. This class also provides the necessary background to understand the complex vibration of musical instruments.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3340
    Prerequisites AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics   and MATH 220 Calculus I  or AUDI 231 Psychoacoustics    and MATH 220H Calculus I: Honors  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 335 Studies in Applied Acoustics


    Course combines the curricula of a traditional introductory musical acoustics course with special topics on electro-acoustics, room acoustics, and spatial hearing perception. An in-depth presentation of the vibration and sound propagation issues pertaining to a wide range of musical instruments is presented in the context of timbre, tuning, and temperament. The course provides students with the opportunity to investigate and report on a specific project to be conducted as part of a team.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-2325
    Prerequisites  AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  
  • AUDI 343 Installed Systems Documentation


    Course gives students familiarity with the graphical standards of the Construction Specifications Institute. Students will acquire skill at navigating architectural drawings at a workstation and an ability to generate audio system drawings.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3619
    Prerequisites AUDI 242 Sound System Design 
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 344 Level, Intelligibility, and Feedback


    This course studies the three key issues in sound-system work: level, the distribution of loudspeaker sound in a room; intelligibility, the characteristics of sound that permit speech phonemes to be apprehended accurately; and feedback, runaway regeneration that can damage sound equipment or human hearing. Course studies all three from theoretical, predictive, and practical points of view.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3611
    Prerequisites   AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems   
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 351 Aesthetics of Live Sound II


    Course expands of the Aesthetics I course and covers some of the more unusual instruments and ensembles. Instruments may include mandolin, bassoon, Hammond organ, digital keyboards, harp, and more, depending on availability. The course also covers groups such as world music ensembles, and DJ/dance forms such as Hip-Hop, House, R&B/Dusties, Drum & Bass, etc.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3511
    Prerequisites AUDI 151 Aesthetics of Live Sound I  and  AUDI 103 Audio Theory and Systems  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 353 Live Sound Engineering Practicum


    Course presents extremely advanced live sound operational theory in a production context. Instructor presents a theory as it applies to a specific problem, followed by the application of that theory to an actual live performance. Students then apply this knowledge by operating the same systems themselves.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3525
    Prerequisites AUDI 151 Aesthetics of Live Sound I  and AUDI 252 Live Sound Reinforcement  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 355 Digital Audio Console Practicum


    Course focuses on the role of the digital console in the context of the live sound reinforcement environment. It provides a detailed description and analysis of console operations, including setup, patching, routing, communications, file management, onboard and outboard effects, scenes, defined keys, and integration with other digital devices. Students will be asked to learn both the theory and practical application of console methodology. They will also be exposed to multiple platforms to illustrate the similarities and differences between different manufacturer approaches to digital consoles.

    Repeatable: N
    Formerly 43-3527
    Prerequisites AUDI 252 Live Sound Reinforcement  
    Minimum Credits 3 Maximum Credits 3



  
  • AUDI 360A Advanced Topics in Acoustics:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly AUDI 360
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 360B Advanced Topics in Acoustics:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 360C Advanced Topics in Acoustics:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 361A Advanced Topics in Audio Design:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly AUDI 361
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 361B Advanced Topics in Audio Design:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 361C Advanced Topics in Audio Design:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 362A Advanced Topics in Live and Installed Sound:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly AUDI 362
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 362B Advanced Topics in Live and Installed Sound:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 362C Advanced Topics in Live and Installed Sound:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 363A Advanced Topics in Music Technology:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Formerly AUDI 363
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 363B Advanced Topics in Music Technology:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



  
  • AUDI 363C Advanced Topics in Music Technology:


    This repeatable course consists of rotating subjects of interest.

    Repeatable: Y
    Minimum Credits 1 Maximum Credits 6



 

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